Anders Celsius - Centigrade Scale and Thermometer

Anders Celsius - Centigrade Scale and Thermometer In 1742, Swedish astronomer, Anders Celsius invented the Celsius temperature scale, which was named after the inventor. Celsius Temperature Scale The Celsius temperature scale is also referred to as the centigrade scale. Centigrade means consisting of or divided into 100 degrees. The Celsius scale, invented by Swedish Astronomer Anders Celsius (1701-1744), has 100 degrees between the freezing point (0 C) and boiling point (100 C) of pure water at sea level air pressure. The term Celsius was adopted in 1948 by an international conference on weights and measures. Anders Celsius Anders Celsius was born in Uppsala, Sweden in 1701, where he succeeded his father as professor of astronomy in 1730. It was there that he built Swedens first observatory in 1741, the Uppsala Observatory, where he was appointed the director. He devised the centigrade scale or Celsius scale of temperature in 1742. He was also noted for his promotion of the Gregorian calendar, and his observations of the aurora borealis. In 1733, his collection of 316 observations of the aurora borealis was published and in 1737 he took part in the French expedition sent to measure one degree of the meridian in the polar regions. In 1741, he directed the building of Swedens first observatory. One of the major questions of that time was the shape of the Earth. Isaac Newton had proposed that the Earth was not completely spherical, but rather flattened at the poles. Cartographic measuring in France suggested that it was the other way around - the Earth was elongated at the poles. In 1735, one expedition sailed to Ecuador in South America, and another expedition traveled to Northern Sweden. Celsius was the only professional astronomer on that expedition. Their measurements seemed to indicate that the Earth actually was flattened at the poles. Anders Celsius was not only an inventor and astronomer but also a physicist. He and an assistant discovered that the Aurora Borealis had an influence on compass needles. However, the thing that made him famous is his temperature scale, which he based on the boiling and melting points of water. This scale, an inverted form of Celsius original design, was adopted as the standard and is used in almost all scientific work. Anders Celsius died in 1744, at the age of 42. He had started many other research projects but finished few of them. Among his papers was a draft of a science fiction novel, situated partly on the star Sirius.

Arguments for and Against Humane Meat

Arguments for and Against Humane Meat Certified humane meat has been gaining in popularity as the public learns more about factory farms. Some activists call for reforms and labeling of humanely raised and slaughtered meat, but others argue we cannot work on reforms and promote animal rights at the same time. Background In a factory farm, animals are treated as commodities. Breeding sows are confined in gestation stalls, pigs have their tails cut off without anesthesia, calves spend their entire lives tethered by their necks in veal crates, and egg-laying hens are debeaked and kept in cages too small to spread their wings in. The search for solutions has focused on two paths, one reforming the system and instituting more humane standards, and the other promoting veganism so that fewer animals are bred, raised, and slaughtered. While few animal activists disagree with promoting veganism, some believe that campaigning for reforms and humane labeling is counter-productive. Humane standards can either be required by law or instituted voluntarily by farmers. Farmers who voluntarily agree to higher humane standards are either opposed to factory farming or are trying to appeal to consumers who prefer meat from humanely raised and slaughtered animals. There is no single definition of â€Å"humane meat,† and many animal activists would say that the term is an oxymoron. Different meat producers and organizations have their own humane standards by which they abide. One example is the â€Å"Certified Humane Raised and Handled† label that is backed by the Humane Society of the U.S., the ASPCA, and other non-profits. Humane standards might include larger cages, no cages, natural feed, less painful methods of slaughter, or prohibition of practices such as tail docking or debeaking. In some cases, campaigns target retailers or restaurants instead of the actual producers, pressuring the companies to purchase animal products only from producers who raise the animals according to certain voluntary standards. One example is PETA’s McCruelty campaign that asks McDonald’s to require their producers to switch to a more humane method of slaughtering chickens. Arguments for Humane Meat People will continue to eat meat for the foreseeable future, so humane standards will ensure that the animals will have a better life than they have in factory farms now.Since some people will never be convinced to go vegan, humane standards are the only way we can help the animals who will be raised for food no matter what else we do.Humane standards will eliminate the cruelest factory farming practices. Humane standards have broad-based support, so goals are achievable. Many people are opposed to factory farming but are not opposed to eating meat or other animal products. According to Humane Farm Animal Care: A recent study on behalf of the United Egg Producers found that three out of four American consumers (75%) would choose food products certified as protecting animal care over those that are not. Humane regulations on a state or federal level provide relief to millions of animals.Humane standards are a step towards animal rights. By promoting humane standards, we persuade people to care about animals, which will lead some to vegetarianism and veganism. Arguments Against Humane Meat There is no such thing as humane meat. Using an animal for food violates the animal’s right to life and freedom, and cannot be humane. Calling some animal products â€Å"humane† leads people to believe that animals do not suffer on â€Å"humane† farms when in fact, they do. For example, male babies of egg-laying hens are still killed, and male dairy cattle are still killed. Also, HumaneMyth.org explains: At all farms, large-scale and small-scale, laying hens are killed when their production declines, typically within two years, as feeding these worn-out individuals cuts directly into profits. Often the bodies of spent hens are so ravaged that no one will buy them, and they are ground into fertilizer or just sent to a landfill. Some humane standards can be woefully inadequate, even by animal welfare standards. Giving animals enough room to spread their wings or turn around does not mean they will have enough room to fly or walk around. They will still be crowded and will still suffer.Requiring larger cages or larger pens will require more space and more deforestation than factory farms already require. Nine billion land animals are killed for human consumption every year in the U.S. Giving 9 billion animals enough land to roam would be an environmental disaster.Humane meat is not more sustainable than factory farming. The animals will require just as much food and water, if not more because they will be moving around more and exercising more.Humane meat campaigns sometimes send a confusing message. Nine years after declaring victory in their McCruelty campaign against McDonalds, PETA resurrected their McCruelty campaign in 2008 to make further demands.Instituting humane standards causes some vegetarians and vegans to start consuming meat and other animal products again. Spending resources on reform campaigns take movement resources away from campaigns to promote veganism.Humane standards do nothing to challenge the right of humans to use other animals and have nothing to do with animal rights. We should promote veganism instead of more â€Å"humane† ways of exploiting animals. Animal activists sometimes debate whether promoting veganism helps animals more than humane reforms, but we may never know. The debate is one that divides some groups and activists, but the animal agriculture industry fights both types of campaigns.

Essay Response Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Response - Essay Example rely affect the people who earn less money, the US government will save a lot of money by taking this step, instead of giving the money to poor families the government will keep that money intact using it for other purposes. There has been a lot of hue and cry about the same and it is unfair to withdraw support, the poor people must not be left all on their own the government must help them in every possible way. â€Å"It is also believed that more than one million higher income earners will also be worse off as a result of the Governments changes to the private health insurance rebate, announced in last nights Budget. Under changes to family tax benefit A, from July low-income families earning less than $42,000 a year will lose 35c per week - $18 a year - for each child aged under 12, and $26 a year for each child aged 13 to 15.† (Changes to Family Tax) The Budget delivered to the congress is expected to be somewhere around $ 3.6 Trillion. It is also expected that by 2013 the deficit of the US is expected to fall to as low as $ 533 Billion, the current deficit is much higher than what it is going to be in 2013. A very good step has been taken by the government; the government has set aside a whopping amount of $250 Billion to rescue the current recession crisis. This money will mainly be used to bailout several big banks in order to keep the economy functioning the way it used to prior to recession. This money is expected to bring things right back on track. The congress has already set aside an amount of $ 700 Billion for the same and the increase in amount only goes to show the desperation to put an end to the current crisis. Education funding has also been a sector that has hogged the limelight in this Federal Budget; the President has promised to fund the education sector much better than ever. He has promised to strengthen the education sector and this will only help the country rise to unprecedented heights. The president is a very ambitious man and he

The Gospel Unhindered Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Gospel Unhindered - Research Paper Example However, despite rebellion from the Jews, the gospel continues to be propagated throughout the world. This brings forth the very last word of Luke’s account of Acts, akolutos, which when translated means unhindered (Frank 460). Definition and Translation of Unhindered. The last word of the extant text of Luke’s Acts is akolutos which when translated means unhindered (Frank 460). This underlines the essence of Luke’s writing as evidenced in the word hinder as used on a various occasions. Philip found nothing to hinder the Ethiopian eunuch from being baptized (Acts 8:36). Moreover, in his defense for mingling with uncircumcised men, Peter stated that he would not hinder God (Acts 11:17). Therefore, the usage of the word hinder by Luke outlined the unhindered nature of the gospel. Timeless Application. Luke wrote the book of Acts at a time when the gospel was predominately acceptable among the gentiles. However, the Jews remained adamant to the gospel. It is necessa ry to note their adamancy did not hinder the gospel from being propagated to other communities. Consequently, even acts of violence from the Jewish community such as the stoning of Stephen and the expulsion of Paul from synagogues did not prevent the gospel from being propagated. As a result, the power of the gospel remains unhindered today, just as it was during the early church period. Breaking through Barriers PERSECUTION Early Church. The early church underwent immense persecution. In the inception of the propagation of the gospel, Peter and John were arrested and threatened (Bock 436). Moreover, the apostles were also imprisoned by the Sadducees (Acts 5:18). This was as a result of the Sadducees’ jealousy towards their flourishing ministry. Later on, Stephen became the first martyr of the early church as he was murdered for defending the gospel. Stephen’s death resulted in the scattering of the early church as the disciples fled from Saul to the Diaspora. However, Saul was eventually converted into a preacher of the gospel. Nevertheless, just like the other Christians, he also underwent numerous persecutions in the ministry (Paul 323). Present Day. The church still undergoes persecution even in the modern day as evidenced in the prohibition of Christianity in various countries (Soci?as 133). For instance, in North Korea, practicing and propagation of Christianity could be tantamount to gross persecution from the authorities. Persecution occurs in the form of violence, imprisonment and in extreme cases, death. Therefore, persecution of the church still occurs even in the modern day. However, it is highly prevalent among the Muslim, Asian, Chinese, Korean and Indian communities. As a result, Christians from these countries have been forced to flee to other Christian-friendly countries. Therefore, despite being in a modern world of civilization and freedom of religion, the church still receives immense persecution from the anti-Christian commun ities. ETHNIC AND CULTURAL PREJUDICE Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch. The Spirit of the Lord leads Philip to an esteemed person in the Ethiopian government. The eunuch was in charge of treasury in the land of Egypt (Acts 8:26). Nevertheless, he was not an Israelite. Thus, according to the Jewish culture, he did not qualify to be part of the Jewish family. This is because he was unclean and uncircumcised. However, despite his inadequacies, Philip reaches out to the eunuch and preaches to him. This is further evidenced when they come across a river and

The Gospel Unhindered Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Gospel Unhindered - Research Paper Example However, despite rebellion from the Jews, the gospel continues to be propagated throughout the world. This brings forth the very last word of Luke’s account of Acts, akolutos, which when translated means unhindered (Frank 460). Definition and Translation of Unhindered. The last word of the extant text of Luke’s Acts is akolutos which when translated means unhindered (Frank 460). This underlines the essence of Luke’s writing as evidenced in the word hinder as used on a various occasions. Philip found nothing to hinder the Ethiopian eunuch from being baptized (Acts 8:36). Moreover, in his defense for mingling with uncircumcised men, Peter stated that he would not hinder God (Acts 11:17). Therefore, the usage of the word hinder by Luke outlined the unhindered nature of the gospel. Timeless Application. Luke wrote the book of Acts at a time when the gospel was predominately acceptable among the gentiles. However, the Jews remained adamant to the gospel. It is necessa ry to note their adamancy did not hinder the gospel from being propagated to other communities. Consequently, even acts of violence from the Jewish community such as the stoning of Stephen and the expulsion of Paul from synagogues did not prevent the gospel from being propagated. As a result, the power of the gospel remains unhindered today, just as it was during the early church period. Breaking through Barriers PERSECUTION Early Church. The early church underwent immense persecution. In the inception of the propagation of the gospel, Peter and John were arrested and threatened (Bock 436). Moreover, the apostles were also imprisoned by the Sadducees (Acts 5:18). This was as a result of the Sadducees’ jealousy towards their flourishing ministry. Later on, Stephen became the first martyr of the early church as he was murdered for defending the gospel. Stephen’s death resulted in the scattering of the early church as the disciples fled from Saul to the Diaspora. However, Saul was eventually converted into a preacher of the gospel. Nevertheless, just like the other Christians, he also underwent numerous persecutions in the ministry (Paul 323). Present Day. The church still undergoes persecution even in the modern day as evidenced in the prohibition of Christianity in various countries (Soci?as 133). For instance, in North Korea, practicing and propagation of Christianity could be tantamount to gross persecution from the authorities. Persecution occurs in the form of violence, imprisonment and in extreme cases, death. Therefore, persecution of the church still occurs even in the modern day. However, it is highly prevalent among the Muslim, Asian, Chinese, Korean and Indian communities. As a result, Christians from these countries have been forced to flee to other Christian-friendly countries. Therefore, despite being in a modern world of civilization and freedom of religion, the church still receives immense persecution from the anti-Christian commun ities. ETHNIC AND CULTURAL PREJUDICE Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch. The Spirit of the Lord leads Philip to an esteemed person in the Ethiopian government. The eunuch was in charge of treasury in the land of Egypt (Acts 8:26). Nevertheless, he was not an Israelite. Thus, according to the Jewish culture, he did not qualify to be part of the Jewish family. This is because he was unclean and uncircumcised. However, despite his inadequacies, Philip reaches out to the eunuch and preaches to him. This is further evidenced when they come across a river and

The Gospel Unhindered Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Gospel Unhindered - Research Paper Example However, despite rebellion from the Jews, the gospel continues to be propagated throughout the world. This brings forth the very last word of Luke’s account of Acts, akolutos, which when translated means unhindered (Frank 460). Definition and Translation of Unhindered. The last word of the extant text of Luke’s Acts is akolutos which when translated means unhindered (Frank 460). This underlines the essence of Luke’s writing as evidenced in the word hinder as used on a various occasions. Philip found nothing to hinder the Ethiopian eunuch from being baptized (Acts 8:36). Moreover, in his defense for mingling with uncircumcised men, Peter stated that he would not hinder God (Acts 11:17). Therefore, the usage of the word hinder by Luke outlined the unhindered nature of the gospel. Timeless Application. Luke wrote the book of Acts at a time when the gospel was predominately acceptable among the gentiles. However, the Jews remained adamant to the gospel. It is necessa ry to note their adamancy did not hinder the gospel from being propagated to other communities. Consequently, even acts of violence from the Jewish community such as the stoning of Stephen and the expulsion of Paul from synagogues did not prevent the gospel from being propagated. As a result, the power of the gospel remains unhindered today, just as it was during the early church period. Breaking through Barriers PERSECUTION Early Church. The early church underwent immense persecution. In the inception of the propagation of the gospel, Peter and John were arrested and threatened (Bock 436). Moreover, the apostles were also imprisoned by the Sadducees (Acts 5:18). This was as a result of the Sadducees’ jealousy towards their flourishing ministry. Later on, Stephen became the first martyr of the early church as he was murdered for defending the gospel. Stephen’s death resulted in the scattering of the early church as the disciples fled from Saul to the Diaspora. However, Saul was eventually converted into a preacher of the gospel. Nevertheless, just like the other Christians, he also underwent numerous persecutions in the ministry (Paul 323). Present Day. The church still undergoes persecution even in the modern day as evidenced in the prohibition of Christianity in various countries (Soci?as 133). For instance, in North Korea, practicing and propagation of Christianity could be tantamount to gross persecution from the authorities. Persecution occurs in the form of violence, imprisonment and in extreme cases, death. Therefore, persecution of the church still occurs even in the modern day. However, it is highly prevalent among the Muslim, Asian, Chinese, Korean and Indian communities. As a result, Christians from these countries have been forced to flee to other Christian-friendly countries. Therefore, despite being in a modern world of civilization and freedom of religion, the church still receives immense persecution from the anti-Christian commun ities. ETHNIC AND CULTURAL PREJUDICE Philip and the Ethiopian Eunuch. The Spirit of the Lord leads Philip to an esteemed person in the Ethiopian government. The eunuch was in charge of treasury in the land of Egypt (Acts 8:26). Nevertheless, he was not an Israelite. Thus, according to the Jewish culture, he did not qualify to be part of the Jewish family. This is because he was unclean and uncircumcised. However, despite his inadequacies, Philip reaches out to the eunuch and preaches to him. This is further evidenced when they come across a river and

The French Revolution :: European Europe History

The French Revolution Gradually after the American Revolution, France had it's own Revolution in 1789. The French were very unhappy with their current status, jobs, and living conditions. They saw what the Americans did to achieve liberty, and how successful they were. Many of them had also read the writings of the philosophers and believed that change was necessary. Nevertheless, the main problems that led to the French Revolution were deep debt, competition between social classes, and the unlawful conduct of the king. Debt was one of the problems that led France toward a Revolution. France was badly in debt after participating in the American Revolution and after Kings Louis XIV's and Louis XVI's enormous expenses. In order to save France from bankruptcy, Louis XVI called on the Estates General for help. The Estates General was made up of the First (clergy), Second (nobility), and Third (everyone else) Estate. However there was a lot of conflict within the Third Estate, because it was made up of everyone who was not part of the royal family, clergy, or nobility. The Third Estate was very unsatisfied because although it contained over 80 percent of the population, it still had the same one vote as the other two Estates with fewer people. Thus it re-named itself the National Assembly in June of 1789 and claimed itself the representative body of the people. The Assembly did not aid the King in his financial troubles, yet it demanded many changes to France's absolute monarchy and legislative system. Many of the laws that were passed in France had also become extremely burdensome to the common people because they excluded the clergy and nobility from paying taxes. Louis XVI tried to help the economy, by raising taxes in 1786. But this only made matters worse, because peasants were unable to pay. Harvest was also poor and food very expensive. People were enraged of hearing stories of lavish parties at the fine houses and palaces, where a lot of food was served, which was either wasted or given to the dogs afterwards. The demand for manufactured goods fell, and many artisans, traders and farmers were without work. People were angry and began to revolt. In July of 1789, they stormed the Bastille killing many people, and in October of 1789 angry middleclass women marched to Versailles demanding that the royal family move to Paris and action be taken to help feed the people.